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6.6 Civilization

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hello today's lesson is on what is the civilization the complexity thank you for watching I'm just kidding we're going a little bit more into what exactly civilization is in the characteristics of civilization so we started with the domestication of plants and animals and that kind of LED too far we understand that the farming led to surplus food population intensification or more people and also specialization or division of labor so instead of everybody being a hunter gatherer some people were farmers and some people could have other jobs and this change LED to complex societies also known as civilization so what are some common characteristics of civilization let's see some elements of civilization include cities early mohenjadaro and also governments and law codes so such as the Pharaohs in the central government of Egypt and Ham Robbie's lock code elements of civilization include cities and Central governments and law codes and they also include writing and record-keeping and also highly organized religions so elements of civilization include cities Central governments and law codes writing and record-keeping highly organized religion and also specialized jobs and also hierarchies are different social classes to the idea of that someone can be wealthy and more powerful and someone else can be a slave or lower class Brighton and Rec should be highly organized religion specialized jobs social classes and complex Technologies complex Technologies kind of change depending on what the time is our complex technology is kind of like iPhone 5 you know a year from now if someone watches this video the laugh at that but similarly complex is technology deck in early civilizations were the wheel and some of the transportation using the wheel such as the Chariot or also bronze words in metallurgy  set a review the seven characteristics of civilization our City's Central governments and lock codes writing and record-keeping special jobs social classes are hierarchies complex Technologies in highly organized religions  survey 3000bc Societies in C what is Asia and Egypt we're developing and they were becoming these complex societies we saw them in the Mesopotamia in the Nile River Valley and I want a drop my 1000 BCE civilization had popped up around the world we will continue to learn about how that affected the world next time thanks for watching what happens now he's pieced together from the evidence of the number of sides Jordan Valley it is a Triumph of human adaptability they need this could never be a natural site huge cross colonies they once depended on so they created their own miniature control landscape stock to the crown they took their own precious food stocks and sacrificed them for the future simple Act was the beginning of a new way of life  people ultimately transform the face of the Earth they were the world's first farmers late night ocean foragers had to adapt to new their ancestors didn't recognize before and they had two options in a way  one option was to move out  and option was to change the subsistence letter J to change the way you make your living it seems that the option to move out to other places did not take place so then take home among these discussions within the interference because you can imagine the people sitting there saying moving rules with main conflict war with other Hunters gatherers why don't you serve it in a different way and I can easily imagine some of the old female standing there hey guys the best ways let's try and receive Our Fate let's try and cultivate our own plan so we can stay in the same places without me too far away the draft lasted forever Thousand Years but then in less than a generation the Ice Age of the younger dryas ended  the world became wetter and home at last the weather was regular and reliable now it was perfect for farming that system this was a moment which is a could only a few times in the history of the human species these finals invented a whole new way of life 10000 years later the archaeologists approving the desert for traces of early found in the Fertile Crescent it's a vast landscape and the hills are now I'm not trying  play who's the first farmers spread out is the way of life developed so where did they go  Phillip Edwards has been thinking like a he tried to see the land as they did  Zap2it play the Dead there was such as garlic right  Kia of the precious remains of a van  just free in a very unlucky place now the first thing that strikes us as when you look around is why here we have a particularly Barren landscape and the site is right in the middle of a trailer spline nothing grows here they wouldn't have been out of rely on any rifle here this is probably go today one of the driest places on Earth the kind of useful plant food we find here Bali legumes figs and pasta does particular the nuts just could never brown hair instead they would have grown wild in the surrounding Hills these Foods were important they were very hard to reach  so what made the farmer Azad  well one good reason is it just a couple of kilometres away behind me he is a natural spring and that which would once fun run past the site and given a plentiful supply of water also this version really wasn't here the land would have been how much flight a plane so what you did have he was a place to have water trained maybe you need to cultivated Fields that's all you over that's one of the best pitches to wallpaper were here venerable the team discovered the vinyl proof of farming they found the remains of boots seeds in the fireplaces because Lee was Sun many Edwards New Light master calculated in the fields around the hots  subtleness Lucky's could be even maybe a kind of God knows or gardening station dish it out he is through that kind of fruit by measuring the seeds shifted from this dead the scientist something quite extraordinary  the seeds a bigger than wild varieties  he told them the bar I developed a cultivated strain without knowing it these early farmers exact what taking charge of evolution they were mimicking natural selection and creating the first domesticated varieties one way in which the first cultivators may have selected would be by taking plants which meth come from quite a long way away and planting them until the population are they with you lights on pool a type of wheat which a particular grain which would give a high yield or a body which what a nice taste or something like that and they bring me Adam build a population early gardeners begin influencing the shape size and structure of the grind what scientist called the morphology of the time they might have much easier to harvest the main difference between domesticated cereal to Wild cereals is in the morphology of the ear  wild cereals lose that grinds the maturity folder in the domesticated serials Diya stays intact in fact it waits for the Harvester to come along and got in them cereal grains took many hundreds of years to change from their old smaller ancestors to the bulging heads we speak nice today now the cereals with sun more productive  but there was a downside crops become a very serious and you can see me business I would link chain production from harvesting to winnowing and grinding it was very labor-intensive  life was a Loveless Cafe storage had become a lodge Enterprise  in fact these farmers were the first to build specialized granaries this new farming lifestyle came at a cost in early farming archaeologists have found knee and shoulder bones that a heavily deformed strain injury is caused by the business of grain processing these people no longer have the time to make the Beautiful photos of the natufians instead they used practical wickles tools to process large volumes of grain stun sometimes reveal something extraordinary what drawings are pictographs the scratched lines Mark a quantity this may be the snow record of a number  the biggest change created by farming is more children the family could not feedlots babies natural many hands make light work fun together as it was just the opposite they have to carry this children on Long tracks but have none more than I could manage  now founding families could support several generations to give the community a storehouse of wisdom  the travel is the what on a treadmill once they begin growing their own  food there was no way of going next because even if you are unsuccessful you still have some Surplus and you when you learn how to keep itself last because you need to sow the seeds next so basically there is no you cannot stop farming you can erase some of farming lens when you have the series dogs and people will migrate to another place but what is inherent in in an Agricultural Society is the number of kids get with this kind of food you have an increasing number of kids populations grew more people from all findings more food more people  humans with living on a large scale the name of the fool because of huge challenge people have to be organized  now they need Ledo's once you have one biological viable entity living in one Village say say 400 people living in the village which means about a hundred families and they don't move there is naturally someone is going to become a chief so you have the beginning of the emergence of social institutions having the elders and maybe having a chief maybe Ash a man and so on Jeff I like my in Syria archeologists uncovered a much larger settlement in the middle of the ruins by found a bill Two Notch to be a house  instead which was used to store large amounts of grain circular  and when we begin to today this one building we had to go to meters down because the walls on the Earth where two meters high and this building could be used for storage and storing is enormous it cannot be the storing for one people it's a communal stirring then you have a bench when people can sit and meats and probably you had also ceremonies in this kind of house families were getting part of their own Harvest to a single group Granary  humans at taking a breathtaking step how families and clans will united into large organized communities  we were now living in societies this must have been a challenging mating putting and cultivating were very different ways of life my father had to natural communities to cap this new way of life some Hill Villages stay with Brian no evidence of animal hoodie  by comparing sides archaeologists can see the remarkable differ animals who made to farming life  below the hots in the valley was a community which was much and more prosperous the difference here was made by The Humble goat  these swirling the Catalyst for Urban Life as we know it today  people came together in large communities extended families could work together  they were now secure and could plan for the future brain and regular meat the walls of downside people and animals with tram together that created hygiene problems and new disease the pressure was on to organize everything coming over to do that I need a new town built in that began to spread Down The Valleys of Jordan as the population increased does a transformation is taking patient beginning to get many more settlements them the web before so quite Taylor is an expanding population completely reliant on agriculture then moving away from the places which suited the most hunter-gatherers apart on together and settling down in the major where is a plane archaeologists are picking over the ruins Stone by Stone tracking the evolution architecture  the foundations revealed a very earliest building reconstructed as a simple roundhouse like this the walls in the original one made from Stones dragged from the river beds beneath these modern desert Villages at a very first examples of the building methods still used today that's it for Isaac 5 meters of rubble and 9000 years  Kia the build is discovered that the Wolves of a stronger than circular ones so they learn to make striped walls and corners 4000 years before the pyramids they used stun chisels to shape windows Bristol West colleges have found the place where the surge of creativity actually began GFI LACMA in Syria it's the first complex farming town Kia by MAX Line ways and cramped houses 10000 years old Danielle Studios research Was a Race Against Time in four years the Waters of a rising damn destroyed the side forever in the side of Jeff Alabama we can have old AQHA textured evolution of the houses domestic architecture with circular houses then over houses with interior rectilinear walls and finally to read the rectangular shapes of Jeff spread new villages screw with the new ideas Mohammad nejad has been Excavating a village with shows just how sophisticated these stone-age architects a small plazoleta thanks tips on the Central Street  door was open to family houses on each side naija found enigmatic tunnels in the walls of the houses which turned out be Stone Age air conditioning shots outside some of these shirts inside the world or anything I'm not sure that you can choose from this side but we have shut the opening year and Vickers Duvall was broke in here and this part you can see the shop from here from this the time I would say the village was very beautiful Village on an imagine all these houses one story houses two story houses covered with plaster to the plaza from the outside and from the inside and Redlands on if you can imagine where is closest Cumberland these new Villages bustle of life I had plenty of food now some people could be free from the grind of fun they develop the talents you just specialized Jones knife makers collected special Rose Colored Flint the funnest place the first process meant to make containers from clay which was dried in the Sun geologists have found the remains of baskets intended for trade some was sealed with a lining made with Clay obituary other baskets what was in from lack of grasses and Reeds for a host of different the same skills we use to develop the first while them Fabrics to do this they created perhaps the earliest piece of complex technology ever devised I designed the first lose still found in villages today they develop soft song from Night at flax and my linen households grew to take an extended families kitchen what separated from bedrooms and the need for privacy was running the architecture goes Way Beyond what you need just for simple Shelton people that are using architecture just like modern Architects use architecture to express ideas about what Just For Men Volume about how the world is and how we should live in it and how we relate to that that well they're creating an artificial  Delton they paid as much attention to the beauty of the domestic objects for the first time in human history we seen people to behave like as they do it because they can it makes a richer life makes the ritual well that makes for deeper understanding I think we underestimate just making for us is if deeply felt need so deeply felt the most we don't think about it but what we're seeing are the very first people who are engaging in that kind of activity where Dead Heat in the interior of the house that I need to get into that little hole  senior the advancing farmers will still trying to use methods from the Middle East but this world was very different a list of the Technologies need the resource you made it to lock out ways of constructing house is filled out of Timber instead of ounce of the the mud that you'd use you need to talk out ways of dealing with dense forest Leslie moves Knoll they moved into a European climate  the seasons were much more extreme Chia farming seem to be impossible 4000 years they had no answer to Winter they could go no further finally they succeeded breaking through with a complete rethink of their farming methods they realize the time was critical and worked out exactly when to plant how to grow and harvest before the winter they learned how to use poor Royals so now funny spreading to a whole range of soils which among sleep or not and that's what you need to clear more more more of the Woodland in order to get the same sorts of yield from these poor souls and say the plow arrives as a solution to a problem with a plow the finals could cultivate much larger areas  duct tape to turn are these heavy Northern soil it was a new and uniquely European farming lifestyle and its print with a raising speed I think one of the reasons why it seems to spread so rapidly which is astonishing if I lost is like dropping a match in a pile of dry the dry hay is the problem the fact that the farmers are having to cultivate more and more land with their own efforts they changed so much they created a new way of life  archaeologists called them the Longhouse people they live together with that animals in these huge communal buildings  massive Timbits whole trees held up the roof salt is a commodity that is very very costly it's the white gold prehistory and I presume you have the largest deposits of salt in the entire Southern Living right on the door the Wasteland around Russell ran down to the Salt which waters of the Dead Sea  the beaches already an ancient salt mine salt made possible the mass preserving of foods like olives and fish now I could be traded hundreds of kilometers to New Markets  which donkeys that could send me heavy loads to their Partners as far away as Egypt and Mesopotamia once you produce industrial quantities of God you have to keep track of them for the first time people on dealing small amounts of material that they producing within the household for use by their a****** they are producing large numbers of goods amazingly they run the whole economy with no money and no written numbers when you're trying to work out these Commodities have to be moved around and who is to get them the beginning of record-keeping is symbolic for a measure of grain you developed a small symbol for a measure of shape you develop a symbol of shape  Lee's first tokens ice mold clay Countess if you will earliest rickel it's from what we can tell our records of combinations of these trip together slept together in a bowl of clay and sealed with the stamp seal of one of the signifying a when did coaches been delivered the contract is checked by cracking open the clay bowls this is the precursor to the bureaucratic systems of lighter ijaz the invention of these tokens laid the very first tentative foundations for written language that's most remarkable thing about this way of life was a location how did they survive in the middle of a desert everything in the Middle East is about water full agriculture exists only because of requirements of water the key issue in the South Jordan Valley where rasul Allah de Brazil is located what's the difference very little rainfall to live flourish and develop a major complicated Society in this part of the world Add Water the Army while you can add water with fruit irrigation  there was Julian's extraordinary pioneers  face allstyle environnement they did not surrender  instead they changed it  they build a whole network of irrigation Channel prompted to follow the slope of the Hills  it was an enormous imaginative achievement  please can how many kilometers long this is not something that 10 men and a dog do this is something that hundreds if not thousands of people would have had to do for the first time ever the resilience brought everyone together on a single large project it's commonly thought that the fifth grade evidence for complex society but it rasul 2000 is before the pyramids we have clear evidence of organized Society in Egypt bright emphasis on irrigation is so it was unique to agent we have the same evidence that irrigation probably more extensive if it comes to that probably at what's an earlier than I have in Egypt the system must have been controlled by luckily and I'll eat the families in which to buy trade thousands of workers have to be organized in a piece Society  there's no evidence of armies or squats of slides  so how did the leaders Inspire the Surah people to follow that plan the answer is song video this Frisco is not cold to stop of Russell it was found on the wall of a family Shrine this Motif appears whales Central Star glowing with color groups of masked figures with imaginary heads  just Stein HD using The Missoulian art Stephen book folder picture of the town's social order it was held together by religion  and this religion had a social purpose the priest begin is it themselves or something special something Elite  these people tell you what the gods want them and of course if they're in the service the Greg Priestley family the great agricultural families these are the people that allow Society to be run in the way that the powerful Families 2 what will sing effectively is the transition from personal Gods to State Gods from the god of your home the god of your clan to the god of your city in a nutshell what we think goes on is it people are able to be mobilized by their leaders because they believe that the god sanctioning the gods will it indeed the gods demanded the daily farming law of the community was bound by a network of sharing and obligation  milk and labor went back and forth  give me give him take the elites off of social organization and protection  the safety and danger came from the armed Warrior chief communities expanded their farm lands and knowledge under the function of violence these farmers will not able to grow a breed of sheep which offer the touch of luxury the fleece was different the open striped fibers earlier braids when are curly and Samsung what is the wool we know today to use it they developed for gentle craft of spinning clothing could not be much warmer for this Northern climate  customer good status suspenders time to the expert colored eyes they extracted they dies from plants in the forest these people wear Heelers whose knowledge of Remedies was the beginning of the new software responding to luxury clothing beyond the family that could only be afforded by the wealthy the clothes was unloved people wore them into the they were buried as individuals and took with them the symbols of their I'm identity the clothes and ornaments Belize magnificent Barrios discovered in Denmark the dead were placed in muffins hacked from Whole tree trunks some of the most spectacular in Barrios de Pino come from the Bronze Age  we have a sudden window on what life was like in Braum's for Millennia ago and we see people buried in wound cleansing Brownville it's very simple in many ways it's rustic but it's the height of sophistication and probably only the leaders could afford to be dressed entirely trends  and you see for the first time in a way that we can only imagine another circumstances what these people look like and how they might have acted and we see some specific of human motivations there's the chief. With his long wooden Scabbard and poking out of it the top of a metal weapon punch out and it's not the sole that you expected it's little DACA and he's being buried that with the appropriate piece of weaponry family must have known it was the coffin was placed on Stones above the ground  these funerals of the power what elaborate ceremonies later a great mound of Earth would be built as a tomb it was there in memory of a person whose name was expected to live on right across northern Europe archaeologists have discovered ceremonial pools many a guided by mother goddess figures important to the first farmers from the beginning of human habitation people have made offerings now the Warriors at a thousands of new objects summer fun shows they was seeing the spirit world in a new way  nature2 was an expression of power the song Gold Rose each day drawing proudly across the sky by the horse across the Middle East the Chariots of the Hittites and Egyptians World Warriors and King the story of the first farmers ins with armies in the rise of the first cities in Europe we sing the first recorded images of violence the farmers were running out of available land there's evidence of boundary fences  Stockade in villages will beginning to appear the last hunter-gatherers lighted with the Warriors the way of life forever

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6.6 Civilization

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