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Egypt 10 Greatest Discoveries

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Egypt one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world two centuries of egyptology of exploration and excavation have unlocked incredible secrets and it revealed let's discover Now using state-of-the-art techniques in the very latest research these fines are being Revisited re-exam for the first time the world's leading experts have come together to reveal the ultimate list the 10 greatest discoveries of ancient Egypt each of these 10 great discoveries is a treasure in its own right but they are much more than that it's a key way in to one of the most extraordinary civilizations that our world is ever seen how the ancient Egyptians lived how they thought what they did objects found decades even centuries ago still pose a challenge they have to be decoded how did secret messages turn this simple tune into a resurrection machine games themselves and the words inscribed on the walls of these teams are like computer code or an instruction manual what lay behind the wave of balance that disa created Egypt's most beautiful Tunes it definitely was organized crime well structured organized groups of men they built on a scale that would not be equalled for thousands of years  how did they do it is entirely sure how people using very simple tools and a lot of sweat managed to construct such an astonishing Monument repeated Invasion outlasted all its rivals change the Invaders more than the Invaders change them longer than any other in history technology in the latest research will reveal the lives and the minds of the Egyptians  dr. zahi hawass is the highest-ranked archaeologist in Egypt today and is Guardian of all Egyptian Antiquities  working with the team of leading scientists and traveling from one end of the to the other he will guide us through Egypt's greatest discoveries we have thinking you in an adventure that you will never forget your life the first discovery reveals the ingenious piece of technology that allowed Egypt to become one of the greatest ancient sations this discovery was American it shows the skins of the gyptians and remarkably this technological breakthrough locked inside a boat over four and a half thousand years ago the Pharaoh Khufu ordered the construction of the Great Pyramid what he buried beneath it is in its own way every bit as impressive  the amazing thing about this discovery it is how the chips ins 4600 years ago contracted this incredible. The Khufu ship what is the most extraordinary artifact on the world 13 stories tall if you stand it on its end 1200 parts and held together with the little piece Cliffwood and kind of sewing the site at Giza have been excavated many times  but this find was made by chance that discovered by accident completely many of the major discoveries come with luck 1952 archaeologist, Elma lock was supervising the clear up of an area right by the Great Pyramid this south of the covered with debris and stone trouble did they began to clean the song I see what caring they found these large slabs of limestone 30 Kathy Lane curious Elmo lock board a small hole through one of them this man came and looked inside he said to me I did smell history he discovered 41 huge Limestone blocks weighing between 17 and 20 tonnes they covered a deep pit over a hundred feet long but it was the contents of the pit that I did he just was huge pile of wood and rope and O's which gave the game away  why would Khufu is ship in the desert beside is pyramid  the answer tells us how the Egyptians saw death and what the pharaoh what happened to him the pyramid would hold his mortal remains but his soul would leave it would be transformed  Khufu was a king and a God so when he died he became one with the sun god ending to the heavens the Pharaoh would become one with the sun god raw unified they would make the sun's daily journey across the sky they would be carried the Egyptians believed in a great boat was being not flying through the sky but rather of traveling on the rivers that surrounded their whole entire world this boat had a clear practical purpose it would be used in the afterlife the Khufu boat was intended to carry its Master through the heaven did played a vital religious role and this is a sign of something else the fact that boats and water were Central to Egyptian life who's your boat is a fabulous Testament to the importance of the Nile to the ancient Egyptians Egyptians relied on the Nile for food for water for irrigation but most of all they relied on the Nile to move them from place to place the Nile link the north and south of Egypt the Egyptians traded with the outside world via the Nile  it was The Wealth the river brought cause their civilization to grow  denying what the most important thing for the Egyptians to make this relation and this why we can say the truth Egyptian the Nile help ancient Egypt treasure gold and jewels came from Nubia the fart sound  the hard Granite which build Egypt's finest monuments traveled hundreds of miles by River from as well Pharaoh sent trading expeditions to the Land of Punt a thousand miles to the South boat base trade for vast resources into the country and allowed the Pharaohs of Egypt to build an Empire the importance of boats to ancient Egyptians is clear from wall art all across the country  but artwork cannot reveal the ingenious Meek's they use to build such massive vessels  for archaeologists the discovery of this real boat perfectly by the man or rabbits Brewery is like a time capsule  it looked as if the edges of these Timbers had just come out of the shipyard and that not a cast of the next 4,500 years archaeologists can investigate ancient boat Building Technology as if they were there it it's can 45 centuries ago each of the Halls 1200 pieces was carved by and you have this very complex interlocking jigsaw of the planks themselves each piece fit individually and picture Lee into the piece that was above it below it to the ends of it Egyptian did not use names or anything to construct the boats no screws no rivets no glue this boat is held together buy grass the grass is called healthy and it's common all over Egypt when it forms a very strong get flexible rope  restores have created a model of the boat at one to 100 scale this is how they use the ropes Dickens pieces in the boat did the open of this technique offered the Egyptians an advantage over other cultures  at the time that the Khufu ship was built most other places that we know about we're only making Dugout canoes out of logs Stone plank technology the Egyptians could build much larger vessels than other rival cultures they could carry greater loads  travel greater distances they could trade throughout the known world  the Egyptians didn't just paddle back and forth on the Nile they were also fully capable I've sailing out into the Mediterranean places they wanted to go  this was the basis of tremendous economic success it laid the foundation for three thousand years of civilization it helped create one of the most successful superpowers that the world has ever seen the Khufu boat is the first of Egypt 10 greatest discoveries because boats Park the birth of an Empire wealth brought by super sized boats paid for super sized construction Egypt built temples and monuments on a scale not matched in antiquity but these temples and monuments could never have been built at the ancient Egyptians have not mastered the skills needed to quarrystone Inn quantities  without Stone there would have been no statues or monuments much of what we know of the Egyptians we know because of the records they left in stone  next a team of scientists attempt to unlock the secrets of ancient Egypt master masons in a brand-new experiment they will try to harness the power that built a nation and left an extraordinary Legacy egyptology greatest discoveries give us a glimpse alien civilization one that endured for 3000 years it's Legacy is a series of so large so perfect that they Inspire off even today  scientists are trying to puzzle out how when all that was available was men the Egyptians managed to Cory fast blocks of stone blocks such as the unfinished Obelisk they lifted in situ as an Evidence to teach us how the Egyptian cat opens The Unfinished Obelisk weighs over 1000 more than 500 SUVs it lies in the ancient Quarry of as one in Upper Egypt the Obelisk was never removed from its Corey archaeologist to trying to understand why after so much work it was abandoned if finished it would have towered 10 stories above the ground decorated with images and hieroglyphs it would have stood as a vital phone it to the temple complex the opolis was the symbol of connection between the king and the Sundance are pieces of Percy can spiritual technology was a symbol of the sun it was the ray of the Sun so it was a power conductor working like a spiritual lightning conductor obelisks could collect and channel energy from the heavens it would mean that the Sunbeam was being broken and that's you would shatter the power of the god a piece of bad luck for the ancient Egyptians which is a piece of good luck for science opened as successes of the failures evidence on and around the Obelisk is revealing how the ancient coromant excavated the massive stones like a thousand ton time machine it offers a snapshot of 3000 year old work in progress using the evidence from The Unfinished obelisk in a brand-new experiment scientists hope to demonstrate how this was possible what begins to discover amazing things that did enrich our knowledge about Hoppus kiss for the first time Adil kelani has spent a career investigating ancient quarrying techniques this is quitting which is very important to looking for before to start working Granite has naturally occurring fault lines where the rock is already by identifying and targeting these fault lines the ancient engineers could begin the process of splitting the Stone from the Bedrock would be the ease of chiseling Rock because that would you have to cut the face you have to kind of break pieces out of it but there'd always be this plane and weakness that was it helps separate the rock and expeditious manner in the second phase labor is bashed handheld Stone Pounders into the fracture line to where the rock down these early sledgehammers were made of Dola write a stone much harder than granite but the technique took time when time was a luxury that the Quarry men did not have always wanted their monuments done in a hurry any Pharaohs were worried that they simply wouldn't be around long the average reign of a pharaoh was less than a decade and no Pharaoh would trust his legacy to his successor you had all the Trinity for your monuments to last but you had a very short life span in which to get them built from the sheer number of granite obelisks and statues across skipped it's clear that the ancient Quarry man found a solution  beneath the Quarry the archaeologists found Blues Wichita LS what the solution was it took everything about what when changing man  within the strata are charged mud bricks burnt wood chips I keep fractured shards of stone from this Idol believes he's worked out how Egypt's engineer's accelerated the Quarry in process Egyptian used fire to help them for splitting the stone  heat from a fire would cause the rock to expand and cooling wood what's the rock to contract this process weakens and can even split the Rock in theory if the Egyptians could control this they could split large oceans of the Granite but Adil has not tested the theory till now I'm exciting exactly as the ancient engineers did adal Celexa fault line in the rock mud bricks found at the unfinished Obelisk site suggest that the ancient engineers built a wall to contain and control fire the fire raises the temperature of the rock to 800 Degrees  this expands and stress is The Rock after 60 Minutes of intense heat it is safe for auto to approach  water causes the temperature to drop by 85 send seconds The Rock rapidly contracts but what damage has the heat done autokennel experiment weather the fire we stone is easier to split then a second untreated fracture  after half an hour he calls Without fire the Workman on the control test have made little impact on the fracture line but at the bird fracture  the crack is crumbling  you can see how the final sitting affected with Glenn eat lives it's working very play false more than what we have inspected before that's explain how the ancient Egyptian made a lot of applicants in very very short times therefore likely that the way to Corey such large amounts of rock in such a short amount of time would be with the aid of Fire option techniques solve it by this operation today  the unfinished Obelisk offered the clues then experimental archaeology show that the theory could it explains how the Egyptians could Corey Stone on a scale that was almost superhuman what is how they did these great monuments still have the power to inspire off they were built thousands of years ago without any of our modern technology we're just beginning to understand how  but the third Discovery takes us Beyond technology to Egypt master builder the man who created one of the most recognizable landmarks in history the greatest discoveries made in Egypt reveal the secrets of a powerful and dramatic civilization that lasted for three years  the ancient Egyptians built some of the most impressive monuments in the world and the most impressive of all is the pyramid  the third Discovery concerns the people who built as it is entirely sure how people using very simple tools and a lot of sweat managed to construct such an astonishing Monument reveal the answer to this mystery until recently a common picture of Egypt was a country where pharaohs and Nobles commended who jarmese of slaves but new discoveries redraw this image they reveal the sophisticated social higher and worker welfare a society that would be recognizable to today's Workers Union officials bosses and CEOs the pyramids are located at Giza 4 half thousand years ago the great Pharaoh Khufu ordered the construction of what is still the largest tomb ever built  climbing 500 feet above a plateau it weighs as much as 17 empire state buildings  people have claimed that the Great pyramid must have been built by aliens or using spells chanted by priests with secret mystical Powers this is because it's scale almost Paws logical explanation  until recently many believe that it was built by gangs of thousands of slaves but now dr. hawass has made a discovery that reveals the mystery of who built the pyramids write the history of the pyramid Builders from the discovery of the tombs of the pyramid builders  the discovery is a tale of patient give work and archaeological forensic science  in 1990 Doctor Who found some mysterious evidence began the excavation and I found very strange things I found bones and weed seeds what's this they realize that Builder's Tunes were constructed of the same material as the pyramids themselves sharks this rock was what they do use to Fashion a tomb for their King with the pieces they had needed they built tunes for each other further up the hill Dr Hiwassee team discovered more elaborate Tunes one Bora name who was inspector  the overseer of The Whitcomb and who dragged the stove  so the workforce clearly had an organ Tire rocking  the overseer was buried higher up the hill than the ordinary Workman a reflection of his hire status the evidence in the tunes suggest that workers had to find rules distinct responsibilities it was much make a modern construction crew this is another unique to that I found  this tomb how long to a man named nephritis now we can see his name never sees but the new what's unique in my opinion look at this I've never seen it at all the making beer and also back in the bed and this why I really believe that this could be the one who was in charge of the victory the museum in Cairo contain statuettes found in Giza these show the various roles of the citizens including baking bread and making wine other painted reliefs show scribes keeping accounts and records for the Tradesman  again it points to a Workforce sized along familiar lines like a modern industrial community  and they appear to have been well valued and well cared for the evidence reveals that there was a medical aid program that many would commend accidents like stones would fit on the hand and on the legs that were involved in moving heavy stole all the skeleton of men and women had a stress on their back still the forensic evidence shows that the level of care they received was surprisingly sophisticated Janet man just a physical enter apologist who specializes in the study of ancient bones well before the death of the individual phone was actually fractured the bones are set really well to each other probably were immobilized for a period of time and you know we would say you know by today's standards these are really superb killing process in these individuals  he did a good job  clearly these workers were highly Val by their employers  what is Castaway looked after and it was in fact a cushy job the pyramid Builders Tunes reveal an organized structure of professionals and skilled Artisans working within an ordered Workforce they were supported by a sophisticated employee welfare system  Spartanburg Best Buy steaks because the tombs at Giza were of ordinary people they seem to have been ignored by treasure Seekers it was another two sealed 435 Century which produced egyptology best-known discovering the Tomb of the most famous of all pharaohs Tim,  ancient Egypt is one of the most long-lasting civilize nations in history it was ruled over by the most powerful Kings these are statues of real men  who were they what were they like  archaeologists are trying to find out in the Tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun this is the icon for the stack it just kind of the whole world who was the man behind the golden mask the Valley of the Kings on the Westbank of the night the Valley of the Kings contains 63 Tunes what percent the one belonging to Tutankhamun lay hidden in 1922 the great Explorer in egyptology Howard Carter set out to find state for five years Five Seasons trying to find the two until one day in the morning when the workmen against to clean around they found 15 steps lead the enter what's the tune the tomb descended 30 ft into the Limestone Rock of the valley the end of the shaft was blocked Carter punched a hole in a soul in this room wonderful thing the tomb contain not only the body of the Pharaoh but over 3,000 buried with  ever since the tomb is been a magnet for egyptologists examining and analyzing the mummy and its Treasures and now archaeologists can go deeper than ever they can see the boy King as he's never been seen before archaeologists are using modern Medical Science to study his 3500 year old body  CT scans take thousands of X-rays of a body and put them together to produce a 3D image if this can is one you can see how light when you die you can look at everything  experts are investigating a serious hole in the back of King Tut's head  could this be the wound that killed it if you look at the skull you'll find it is a hole in the back of the head there is a lot of damage to the upper vertebrae perhaps even the base of the skull at the Raymond Magnum to place a K'NEX Damage Done in an attack dim boy was murdered did the young king need a violent death a clue might lie in the ancient process of mummification mummification is as old as Egypt Egyptian mummified the dead but presumably because the not tree dries out people when animals die in line the desert Egyptians would have seen those they would see that they were perfectly preserved first thing that the Gyptian did was to really desiccate the body and they did this by using something called Natron without Natron you couldn't make a mummy Natron works like the sachets of silica gel that are used to keep electronic equipment dry today  matrons basically a mixture of salt and baking set and what it does is it just draws way all the liquid in your body and that's what makes mommy but certain organs have too much water in them in this way  you leave the organs in they and explode so the next step was to remove the internal organs and the Brain did actually cut off the head poked and prodded out and then leave it empty rather than an injury that killed him  at the University of Pennsylvania Janet man has been studying the seat scans of King Tut's mummy before the time of death of an individual's called and more damage in generally if it's on boner tissue you'll see some feeling after person lived this looks like a post-mortem damage could be something that occurred at the time of the embalming process  the hole in touch skull is consistent with the type of hole made during the mummification process it has nothing to do with murder and there's no foul play how the king died remains a mystery but science can help to reveal how he lived to get inside the head in life of a ruler of Egypt  it appears the Pharaoh did not look recalescence death mask suggest has ass nice Square chin except for that is face is quite slender quite slight course I don't think you would want to make fun of the king but if the King was in the schoolyard I think that he might be the kid that you games a little nickname to stop key or something like that  the scans clearly show the boy King had buck teeth unlike his famous mask the treasure with which the boy King was is revealing more insights Tutankhamun's tomb has produced more riches than all the discoveries of Egypt put together this famous mask was buried with six hole chariots and millions of dollars worth of gold  but what makes this burial unique the fact it was found absolutely intact tell me have a complete set of burial equipment of a pharaoh of Egypt  the artifacts go some way to reveal the purse Melody of the Pharaoh they were designed to the same standard as those he would have used in life sing to us that expend so much energy to create something like one of these little jar Stoppers made of alabaster and they're perfect Exquisite works of art but they were never meant to be invite people they were buried in the king's tomb never to be seen again  the type of artifacts and the care with which they are crafted give us an insight into how to common lift the Egyptians believe that you're off to life was much like this life except better so you have to take everything with you the objects Tutankhamun wanted in his tomb and the afterlife were the ones he had enjoyed during his lifetime  we know that he like the particular gypsum game send it because he was buried with everything from a large formal Senate board and box table to a tiny little traveler verse made of ivory there's only about this big Tutankhamun was the supreme ruler of a superpower these artifacts remind us of his Youth and perhaps offer us a glimpse of his carrot where Carter's Discovery showed the world the Pharaoh modern science is showing us the man  further vestigation of the tombs artifacts and Tut's mummy are likely to reveal more details about the real human being behind the mask but in ancient Egypt like today the vast majority of the population were not kings and queens they were ordinary working men and who formed the heart of a Nation  through the next Discovery egyptologists can get a glimpse of these Ordinary People the citizens of ancient Egypt 10 great discoveries made in Egypt reveal an extraordinary civilization but while the ruins that stand let us see what an Egypt look like  it's much harder to know how its people behaved  it really is a peephole a boy or a stick poem to life in ancient Egypt Discovery offers a chance to understand the lives of ordinary citizens in the town of the Tomb builders the town of deer El Modena gives a rare insight into daily life in ancient Egypt did stood on the west Bank of the Nile the remains of an uncontaminated Egyptian town make a rare and very valuable discovery  throw Medina remains pretty much untouched as the villagers left so this is really a huge resource for archaeologists and sing the lives of ancient Egyptians it survives because it was built of stone most of their ancient Egyptian towns were built on the Nile loud plane from mud brick which washes away  the spectacular and very lucky thing about Daryl Madina is that it survived no it was home to 280 people and it was built and an unlikely location it's high up in the desert an hour's walk from the Valley of the this leads archaeologists to believe that it was purpose built to house the people who worked in the valley the building the constructing and also the decoration of the Kings tombs in the valley  families appear to have lived in their own single story houses actually the front door of a house that really I believe that this man was one of the overseer and he should be out of influential person  Craftsman Goldsmith's & Tune Builders held high status in a land where most of the population worked long hard hours is farmers  working had a pretty cushy job when it comes down to it it seems that on average they work maybe two out of three days they would receive fish and wine on special occasions they probably like the job that they had as well as constructing the tombs of their pharaohs the citizens of derail Medina built their own  and by putting artwork on their walls archaeologists could begin to piece together the lives of the people who lived there I looked about daily life from dated Madina tubes  the art shows a thriving community of prosperous and successful individuals but the paintings on the walls reveal how the villagers wanted to be seen not how they actually were when you look at the team's when you look at the money they're on their best behavior dressed in their Sunday Best living an idea life but it's not deal but there is further Evidence that offers Clues as to the private lives of the citizens  all kinds of things are going on stuff that they didn't necessarily want you to know about the clues are everywhere are limestone so any piece of the mountain that comes off in a nice flat angle like this is a potential writing surface this potential was fully exploited by the residence of deer almudena  what are the ancient Egyptians we they were able to use these just by stooping down and picking up a piece of stone off the ground they go riding material shards known by the Greek word Austra Curry were used to document both official records and private notes  the fact that we used to send messages between friends provides experts with unique insights that were previously unknown in the archaeological record we can see the real Egyptians essentially letting their hair down Oster to review how they spent their personal time  they like to drink Disney light and they love to gossip about them from the inscribed limestone  the evidence that derail Medina reveals that its residents had lives not unlike our own  a good sauce for the first time this discovery note about kings and queens as we know all the time but tell us about the common people Turn the Lights with the command people  but they lived these lives amongst the tombs of the Dead the Egyptians were very will people they believe that the dead continue to influence every aspect of life in Egypt from Beyond the Grave for the 6th of Egypt 10 greatest discoveries Dr hawass will reopen a tune that has remained closed to the public for decades he'll discover what the Egyptians believed was a 300 yd long magical supercomputer when brought together the 10 greatest discoveries reveal an overview of life in ancient Egypt but it's impossible to understand Egyptian life without understanding their beliefs about the afterlife what's the Scabbard the Tomb of seti the first offers an incredible insight  what we have here is essentially The Hitchhiker's Guide or the Rough Guide to the Starlight investigations here are revealing the secret code that turned a simple hole in the ground into a resurrection machine the Valley of the Kings contains 63 tubes  one of the largest is the tomb of pharaoh seti the first it's a wealth of information about ancient Egyptian attitudes to the afterlife one of the most extraordinary tunes that we have in the Valley Cities is one of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank of the Nile late in the summer of 1870 an Italian explorer called Giovanni Belzoni arrived at the site Belzoni it been a circus strongman but he devoted his second career two egyptology true careful surveying of the geology of the valley bills only discovered eight Tunes in just two weeks and bye week 3 kid more than double the number of tombs discovered nevertheless it wasn't until the morning of October 16th 1817 that bills only made the that would seal his reputation found this tune been 1817 it was American his was a shining he found the small Corridor and he thought it's intact to to protect the wall art from the moisture and visitors breath cities tomb is closed to the public  but in his unique position as the head of the Egyptian Antiquities service Doctor Who is the only person in the world with the power to order the tune to be open  I will take you now for one big reason to show to the public that this is the most amazing tune the entrance sweeps down through the Bedrock  the tune it's deep cut in the Rock more than 300 feet  it contains some of the most spectacular artwork in all ancient Egypt are you available surface is painted the thing that just takes your breath away is not only the beauty of the forms but also the absolute vivacious colors that they use one of the beautiful scenes it shows the relationship between Center the first and the goodest mad but what's amazing in old you can see she's holding him to show her support and her blessing for him to go to the afterlife archaeologists are analyzing the artwork to better understand what the Egyptians believed would happen to the Pharaoh after next this is one of the students in the Valley of the Kings that tells us how this June will make the King as a guy underlying that is the Egyptians belief that by day the sun Gone Raw drove the sun across the sky bringing life to flat  but finite he traveled to the underworld to fight off the demons that threatened the land of Egypt  this cycle was a importance to the ancient Egyptians they believed if it was not completed the sun would not rise the Nile would not flow and the word wouldn't  settings task after death was to join with the god in this struggle King will join with the solar cycle during the hours that it passes through the underworld and it's extremely important that he be part of that cycle because this would be his function in boxworld said he had to be sure that he would rise again after death to fulfill this Duty and his destiny  the yard she commissioned for his tomb was a magic spell to facilitate his resurrection spells are like instruction manuals or computer off where they function they achieve their and  this was an art it was logical functional like lines of code program into a machine the team is a resurrection Sheen it functions it actually achieves a purpose the scenes themselves and the words inscribed on the walls of these teams are like computer code or an instruction manual the coded artwork reveals how the Egyptians considered mysticism and Magic it was real once you believe in magic then a magic wand is no different than a hammer it is a tool it functions it actually achieves a we are now at the end place of the two the images on the walls here represent Paradise the god Osiris ruled in Paradise the artwork clearly shows setting meeting and joining with the god how could seti be with a Cyrus in Paradise at exactly the same time as also being in the Underworld fighting demons for the Egyptians to do two things at once was not a problem Utah ski philosophy allowed its gods and Pharaohs to be in many places at the same time understand but the rational point of view The Logical point of view is a construct of the western line that comes out of ancient Greece the ancient Egyptians rather than sing things as contradictions saw them as essentially two sides of the same coin Cindy's tomb is a clue to how very differently the ancient Egyptians saw the World from our View today they had many beliefs that we might find alien like pharaohs becoming gods and souls being into said once  and that objects and images had real and practical magical powers they venerated their God in some of the largest temples in history  the 7th discover reveals that ancient Egypt was built on an even larger previously thought and that its most impressive achievements makes still live buried beneath the ground ancient Egypt 10 greatest discoveries reveal the secrets of a world that flourished 5000 years ago  but some estimates suggest that 70% of Egyptian remains still alive buried underground you should did unique among any civilization the world that the whole country that is better than bills and tunes under the ground monuments like the Lost Temple of that commitment there are theories which suggests that the ancient Egyptians build many more great monuments than previously thought the Lost Temple of Ahmed provides dramatic evidence to support this claim  Egypt is famous for the pyramids near Giza in the North visitors also flock to the expansive Temple complexes in the south at Luxor  but new evidence is suggesting that the Egyptians built on a colossal scale across the whole of the country Central Egypt is little known territory to tourists and even too many professional egyptologists this could be another major tourist destination in each of the diffuser  Mike this little-known area produce the largest temple ever discovered Ahmed is located in central Egypt 200 miles south of Cairo here there is evidence for a massive Temple but it is buried underneath the modern city settlements because one thing if it was a good place to live in the past it still a good place to live then people are still living there I'm leaving town and City that's grown up over Millennia and so the ancient core of our being has been absorbed by the Urban Development  but element of the modern city can also be an advantage the process of digging foundations can reveal the past development is a double especially in Egypt so when at a site like off meme they decide to build a post office in the 1980s and they sink know some trenches they come upon a magnificent statue 1981 while digging the foundations for a new development workers uncovered the base of an enormous statue the Statue was a ram what's the great one of Egypt's most powerful pharaohs  the height of the Statue could be more than 180 ft it was huge  only 60 yards away another massive statue was discovered we are in front of the feet of the largest the most complete beautiful statue of email lady ever made in ancient Egypt the statue is a Ramsay's wife marital Moon  many believe that she was the queen who found Moses in the bulrushes and brought him up as her son  the scam of the two statues are a clue to how big the temple may have been but whatever other ruins exist are buried beneath the modern town archaeologists must discover what lies there  without digging egyptology is very rigorous science because it doesn't just pause excavation it also involves great deal of analysis they tell if a colossal site at ockman when the Auditors came to Egypt in the 1980 and they explained that they came to visit the at the Sunrise and they lift at the sunset the Sun going to rise and The Sitter game before finished exploring that opens  a second clue to the scale of the construction is that all temples in Egypt follow a similar plan  temples in ancient Egypt are the Abode of the gods to the point where the Divine realm connects with going around in architecture model ideas of the cosmos and there's sort of a formal layout of ancient Egyptian temples churches mosques and temples even today follow up prescribed standard layout so did the temples of Egypt so if archaeologists analyze a fully visible Temple they can apply this knowledge to the cited okmin the Temple of Amun raw 100 miles further south in Luxor  in analyzing the standard layout of Luxor Temple archaeologist can base their predictions of where the rest of the side at akhmim is buried  Mansour bar is a specialist in Temple design I think that them between was bigger than this but has the same layout which we have now in looks of them a standard Temple layout always begins with a long paved Avenue this leads to a massive gate flanked by two statues and the document this is where the statue of Ramses would have stood  inside is a courtyard this would have been the patient of the statue of Queen Merida Moon  but this is only the beginning there are further courtyards searching 800 ft to the inner sanctuary of the Temple the layout of Luxor Temple can be applied to augment I have an image of the site here on the computer by matching the locations of the Ottoman statues to the Luxor Temple plan Doctor Wagner estimate the true scale of okmin Temple sense of a scale of the temple convene into that by the soccer field located in the upper right hand light of the Google Earth image on you can see that the end of the probable extent of this new kingdom Temple and Compasses maybe four or five times the length of that soccer field doing so you get a sense of know quite a massive Temple even without full excavation by using this analysis archaeology can affirm that the temple at akhmim was built on a massive scale this could be the beginning of December I'm the sanctuary should be under the houses here  Moore excavation and development must be done before the extent of the temple can be room for certain but one thing is clear a new picture of ancient Egypt is being a larger and more developed country than previously imagined a continuous band of development along the entire length of the Nile not just at today's famous sites in the North and the South but right through Central Egypt to evidence of a civilization more impressive than that Urban thought and the most successful ruler of this superpower was Ramses the Great  discoveries on the walls of one of the most address of temples in Egypt reveal the Dilemma that nearly destroyed his rule as pharaoh  the story is revealed in the eighth discovery The Temple at Abu simbel from tombs to Temples the Mist is an ancient Egypt have enthralled the world for centuries  one of the most significant is also one of the largest should buy for statues of Ramses the Great the temple is Abu simbel  the epitome of Ramses Eagle if you or Ramses godhood the spectacular nature of his achievements is got to be out with symbols the Temple of Abu simbel is a key to solving the Dilemma faced by every how to rain as both a God and man  artwork on the walls tells the story of how close the great Pharaoh Ramses the came to failing in his mission Abu simbel is in the south of Egypt near the border with modern-day sedan hewn out of the rock are for giant statues and every inch of the temples walls are covered with illustrations depicting the triumph what the pharaoh in 1871 when the adventurer and early Egypt ologist Giovanni Belzoni arrived at the site the temple was covered with sand Belzoni set to work to remove the thousands of tongue send but every bucket he removed was replaced by yet more sliding down the dune  on the point of giving up he discovered a Sim solution to the seemingly impossible problem wedding the sand would hold it in place the plan was a success after 4 years of struggle he finally found the temple entrance and became the first man for centuries to walk inside  the temp Abu simbel was a monument to Egypt's greatest Builder Warrior and Pharaoh Ramses II  Ramesses II was one of the famous in the ancient Egyptian history year-old more than 67 years and turn it the land of Egypt to be an openness what is a shipment but analysis of the wall art and statues is revealing the Dual role of a pharaoh of Egypt  the first is as Defender Of The Nation he's the warrior Champion the single hero who defends Egypt from all enemies II role in false religion the role of the Pharaoh in the religious realm is not just as cheap or supper or intermediary between Mankind and the gods of the King has one dim the Divine world and one foot in human world  the Pharaohs Authority in power was dependent on fulfilling these two rolls Ramses was so successful as the warrior king that he ran out of people to fight and thus undermined his position as ruler reliefs within the temple illustrate this dilemma  The Story begins with a battle the Battle of Kadesh speak important battle was the Battle of Carthage with the types we can see written in the temple  during the first part of Ramses reign  Egypt was at war with its powerful neighbor the Hittites the Hittites ruled an Empire that stretched from northern looking into Siri between them and the Egyptians lay the town of Kadesh  reliefs on the walls of Apple symbol contain the old complete record of a military engage in history  Dr Mohamed eldaly is investigating the brutality of the battle hear the speaker showing the Egyptian beating and punishing attires  you're feeding them very heart  it was a clash of super powers what makes Kadesh so unique is that it really is a class of Empires Ramsey's fine for me was all of the Hittites allies are they are facing on the battlefield and in fact I think this was something relatively rare in ancient history the two huge armies class each other on the battlefield Abu simbel released to pick the violent battle using the most technologically advanced weapons available at the time dad to charge for the first time and they have to hold and Biddeford they were able to build the empire in Egyptian chariot is very highly maneuverable it can turn on and they can basically make literate essentially missile rods it's essentially the F-16 of being World. Warfare involved making 30 mile and who runs at the enemy firing as many arrows as possible and then Wheeling into a retreat basically making strafing runs blank Lowe's shooting as arrows and then his a driver with Vera's cherry and around which speed off until we could get back out of range and then make another strafing run on them  remedies the Hittites at Bay and successfully defended his country  21st year of his Reign he makes a peace deal with the head I'd Empire with no battles left to fight Ramsey's could not fulfill the warrior function of pharaoh what do you do when you run out of enemies so now Ramsay's has political problem Abu simbel reveals Ramses solution  and the way he solves this is by going in the opposite extreme and emphasizing his religious roll now that he can show that he's a warrior because there's nobody left to fight he can say on the Living God rameses declared his divinity  now at this point Ramsay's puts both feet in the Divine world and he becomes a living God 847 all year round the Egyptians have a living God willing over them Abu simbel became not just the temple to the gods but a to Ramses himself as a god all arrived to the century the holy of the Holy place where Ramesses II Define and raised between the other guys at least one of them equal to them this was a political masterstroke this was the perfect cover about of living pause for a frail old man and we know nothing about his mental faculties could even see any more heavy gone blind we simply don't know The Temple at Abu simbel reveals the two most important parts of being Pharaoh defending Egypt and communing with the gods it reveals how rameses solved the problem of being too successful at the first role that have Defender by becoming Living God the penultimate discovery of the top 10 continues the story of the great pharaohs in the Years After died  it is a turbulent tale involving organized crime robbery murder and state-sanctioned terrorism Andrew it was the mystery of the missing Royal mummies the ten great discoveries of Egypt let us see the world of an Empire that lasted 3000 years  much of what we know of ancient Egypt comes from in the tombs of the Pharaohs but they also created a mystery time and time again the tombs were discovered empty the Pharaohs mummies were missing one of the most important discoveries in Egyptian archaeology with the discovery of the royal caste egyptologist came face-to-face with literally who's who all the great Kings the discovery of the cash or hiding place of missing Royal mummies reveals insights into the political state of Egypt at the height of power a story of organized crime and state-sanctioned terrorism that nearly destroyed a nation the evidence lies on West Bank of the Nile  the Valley of the Kings contains 63 tunes for some the greatest pharaohs of Egypt nearly every team has been discovered empty the treasures and mummies but about 3 miles away from the Valley of the Kings is another Canyon it contains no tune Indica thought no secrets then an 1890 Shepherd was searching the clips for a lost goat a crevice halfway up one of the clips he came across the entrance to a cave  balloon inside the shaft is so good it maybe more than 200 feet cut in the rock inside with remains of over 50 different burials including the please have some of the greatest pharaohs in history  to Solve the Riddle of why the mummies were there archaeologists must look at the political and social state Egypt 3000 years ago  drought and in fighting between rival political factions was bringing the country into a state of Anarchy all these problems the ecological political foreign invasions you basically have a case of systems collapse when the complex governmental system is facing multiple threats multiple problems that he can deal with one-on-one but when they all happen at the same time the system can't take it and the whole thing Cascades and fails Society broke down the population was facing famine and poverty the need for gold drove the people to the one they knew they would find it the tombs of the Pharaohs used to go inside an inside the tombs and everything  these acts of sacrilege were born out of desperation stop line between civilization and chaos is crossed nothing not even believe in the gods fear of sacrilege and fear of Eternal damnation prevent you from robbing teams and violating temples  but this was not the work of random criminals it definitely was organized crime well structured organized groups of men with even sort of an internal ranking system amongst them tomb robbery is kind of a growth into can you relate  this created one of the first examples of organized crime in history  literally everybody gets into the tomb robbing everybody is in on it from the highest officials if not involved actually in robbing the tombs than turning a blind eye and getting a golden handshake but there were so priests at the Temple of Luxor who still saw themselves as the Guardians of the Egyptian religion the temples and the tombs of the Pharaohs they set out to rescue and hide the mummies they the Kings they took they better than here play from everyone reveal the secrets to anyone  the fact that the priest save these mummies allows scientists to study the musical remains of some of antique Woody's most powerful rulers  if you close your eyes and you go back Sauza 2002 years imagine this living King  after the mummies were discovered they were taken to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo where they are tasting Barrel conditions  if you enter inside this room now you see dead bodies and you look at them you could you laugh and smile signs this is the first time that oldest mom is Plus  but what's most revealing is what isn't there  Pharaohs were buried with Priceless Treasures none of these mummies were found with any valuables when you look at these strip down coffins you find that the gold and other jewels find Rita's actually been systematically taken off of some of them this offers evidence for a high-level conspiracy theory when somebody's robbing tomb in the middle of the night and is afraid to going to get killed or The God is going to strike them down they are going to be in a hurry they're going to be scared out of their wits and they're going to just grab it everything yes and run but these bodies have been methodically stripped Miss suggested the high priests themselves are doing this the very people save them actually remove the last bits of gold and finery they were still attached although the priests were both Rescuers and robbers they let the sign with an invaluable resource  it was one of a double-edged sword because you can say that they were doing a good thing by hiding these mummies in a secret place and protect I'm in this way but they also stole the long the way  forensic investigations reveal the real lives great pharaohs  but from this discovery we can also gain an insight into ancient Egyptian Society the society on the verge of Anarchy  and when the nation imploded other Empires were quick to take advantage an Egypt suffered hundreds of years of invasion  but instead of being destroyed the Egyptian culture was so strong that the Invaders actually adopted the customs and beliefs of their new home  this the spectacular Lee revealed in the final discovery  the evidence lies both on and under the desert sand if you go down one under the ground you friend mom is covered with gold hundreds of perfectly preserved untouched mummies cover with gold for centuries the ancient civilization of Egypt captured the imagination of scientists archaeologists and adventurous now Guided by dr. zahi hawass a team of experts has selected the 10 greatest discoveries that tell us about this extraordinary civilization even in its final decline the ancient Egyptian culture created something which when discovered thousands of years later would still inspire a field of mum still untouched if you look around you by or left or any place you will dig a new discover mama over its history Egypt was attacked by many empires the evidence says that Egyptian culture had the strength to resist Gyptian culture Egyptian Society Egyptian religious beliefs conquered the conquerors The bahariya Oasis in the western desert the first clues that this area is unusual lie on the sand itself bones and skulls litter the valley floor the skeletons belong to buried Corpses I've been dug up by wild animals a sign of what Secrets lie beneath the sand  the discovery was made not buying Adventure or an archaeologist in fact the discoverer could not even speak  the discovery happened by accident in 1994 a donkey got lost in the desert when the owner came to look for his Beast he found it rooted to the spot staring and a hole in the desert he looks  inside the holy so mammoths  and I came here and we began our excavation it was like a dream the discovery of so many untouched mummies is a Priceless gift to modern science many many cemeteries were excavated by early egyptologist who dug up the bodies the bones and the mummies were throwing away they were dispersed earlier or is often discarded the mummies in their search for Treasure mummies were lost in ways that shocked modern archaeologists they were even used for fuel to cook the mummies founded bajaria are a rare resource uncontaminated undamaged we have an entire population of people generation generation in one place 2000 years ago Egypt was invaded by the Romans who settled across the the mummies buried in the valley were of these Romans they date to around 300 BC we're going after Egypt because it's one of the wealthiest countries in the Mediterranean it has all of the gold of Africa has the grain that has all of the resources of pharaoh this is a little jewel in the crown of any Empire the settlements here we're destroyed over time  but studies of the reveal that nothing could destroy the Egyptian culture the Egyptians had such  culture streak that really they changed the Invaders more than the Invaders change them  these were Roman mummies but Egyptian culture still the manner of their burial mummification started 3000 BC and it continued over the Egyptian history until the Roman. until they came to Egypt the Romans wrapped their corpses in strips of linen and most of the mummies the face is covered with living like this completely  but the Egyptians produced coffins and death masks with faces good we have the spots with the face and all the other mammals have box The Masks revealed the change from Roman-style to is the Invaders became naturalized can see this cultural unification does cultural melding going on right before our eyes generation to generation  but the mummies hold another Secret  to investigate this a selection have been moved to a facility where they have cleaned and restored  here and sealed cases The Masks revealed even more insights into the Egyptian culture the mummies are covered in gold the ancient Egyptians loved cold it was obviously one of the most expensive things in the ancient world who can play for the Egyptians they believe that the body of a God was made out of gold  this reveals an insight into what the ancient Egyptians believe about reincarnation in the afterlife when you die you will transform from Immortal into a Divine being which is why they had gold on sometimes literally on face otherwise on the coffins of sarcophagi because that show that you would being transformed for the Mortal state to the divine the mummies are evidence that the Romans adopted the Egyptian use of gold in their religious beliefs  and yet the design of the faces Lex the Roman influence of these new settlers the golden mummies are evident the fusion of the Ferrante and the Roman into the new Egyptian civilization something that woman and something to Belize that ships the mummies in the valley demonstrate that whatever happened in her history Egypt was both ultimately strong and flexible what allowed a continuation of belief and tradition that was always essentially Egyptian turn off any fire and embrace whatever new one was next Egypt the ancient Egyptians a world that has remained powerful and captivating right up to the present day discoveries from ancient Egypt have spend hundreds of years of Adventure and exploration I really adventurous to forensic scientific analysis each Discovery has shed a new light on a civilization that began 50 centuries ago ancient Egyptians with assembly the most fascinating an entertaining people that ever lived in the ancient world but egyptology holds more than fascination academics and scientists it has a residence that affects the modern world even today the ancient Egyptian Legacy is still alive 2000 years after the civilization itself collapsed many cultural Traditions that we consider our Birthright even in America or european contacts today  one of the most important legacies left him Modern Life by the ancient Egyptians is the science of Medicine the earliest record of a professional physician in history was a man Imhotep working in Egypt nearly 5,000 years ago  the surgical skills of the ancient Egyptians were developed not to keep person alive in this life but for a completely different reason to preserve them for the next  studies made on the mummified bodies of pharaohs have revealed the great expertise the Egyptians developed in dissection  successful mummification was a complicated procedure that involved careful removal of key organs without damaging the body itself just as in many types of modern surgery it acquired a deep knowledge of anatomy in some cases this knowledge has been passed down unchanged Through the Ages right into turn medical textbooks and medicine is not alone in Daddy O's the ancient Egyptians modern Engineering & Construction techniques rely on the knowledge developed along the Nile Valley / 4 half thousand years ago the Great Pyramid of Giza is built with such accuracy that it's with their by less than 2 inches across its 750 ft length  the Greek genius Pythagoras is known as the father of numbers he trained in Egypt  here he developed algebraic formulas that provide much of the basis for modern engineering and construction the more modern scientists explore the how did the ancient Egyptians the more they reveal the debt we owe this civilization  the Quest for new discoveries is being pursued every day what's up to new people to come around trying to cover if there's any more discoveries of this type to make but that's an exciting way to do the search 1 new Avenue for investigation lies in the Valley of the Kings from the Tomb of seti the first two the treasures of two Comet the valley has produced many of the most important discoveries of ancient Egypt  but it may still hold more on Ford secrets  this was confirmed by the discovery of a new Tomb in 2006 called kv63 many scientists believe there are more undiscovered tombs in the valley blue hair  text records list many more pharaohs than the number of tombs discovered that there's at least one domination of the concept new scientific analysis is revealing ways to begin the search for new Tunes  archaea Hyster suggesting that the ancient Egyptian surveyed natural weaknesses and fractures in the Rock to make it easier to carve out the tunes  once you find The Zone fracture concentration extrapolate is trimmed the tomb ability could follow that by Good Fortune and he would stay right along because it almost a straight line Richard is surveying these fractures in the Valley of the Kings if the ancient engineers Doug Tunes along fracture lines thousands of years ago then fracture lines are a good place to look for a new Tomb today that gives you some shirts pattern and it might say you look if you're going to go looking ticket include this as part of your search technique only time will tell whether this approach will produce a discovery as extraordinary as the tomb of King Tutankhamun  but all are collagist agree on one thing there are more discoveries to be found  future Generations will have a different idea of the top 10 discoveries in the because of the scientific methods that continue to evolve in archaeology as scientists follow in the footsteps of early Pioneers like Carter or Bill zone They continue to make new discoveries  you never know what the send divisions my hide of sickness these secrets are revealing not only the mysteries of an extraordinary Empire but also the powerful Legacy that three thousand years of civilization for the modern world and while the modern world continues to wonder at today's greatest discoveries the discovery tomorrow promise to bring even greater Insight amazement and knowledge of one of the greatest civilizations in history the lasting civilization of the ancient Egyptians

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